Solving the sustainability challenges to achieve desirable ocean futures at the food-climate-biodiversity nexus

The ocean’s capacity to sustain life and support human wellbeing is increasingly threatened by intensifying climate change that exacerbates other non-climatic human stressors such as overfishing, pollution, and invasive species. Solutions to achieve ‘desirable’ ocean futures that support climate mitigation and adaptation, sustainable food production, and biodiversity conservation are urgently needed. Here, we examine the pathways through which portfolios of solution options could contribute to solving the challenges at the nexus of climate, food and biodiversity. We highlight how scenarios and models with participatory approaches can be used to facilitate the co-development of climate-resilient pathways for ocean futures that bring together knowledge and perspectives from stakeholders, right-holders and knowledge holders.